The Prison Industrial Complex Within The U.s. Essay

Understandings and Outcomes of the Prison Industrial Complex within the U.S. Following the privatisation of the prison industry in the 1970’s, the prison population of the U.S. has increased by an estimated 500%. Despite this, statistics suggests that overall reported crime rates have remained relatively stable. (Fortner, 2013). A question is raised then, as to why incarceration rates would be on the rise despite little change in crime. This essay will attempt to answer this question and to make sense of the Prison Industrial Complex. It will also argue that the privatisation of the prison industry has resulted in the exploitation of incercerated offenders in order to increase capital. This will be achieved through a discussion of the background events which led to the emergence of the complex, followed by a description of the phenomenon itself. Following this, the intended and resulted outcomes of the Prison Industrial Complex will be analysed in order to aid in understanding the complex. Ultimately, this will lead to the conclusion that the Prison I ndustrial Complex can be understood through the devastating outcomes on the North American Society, with the needs to increase profits outweighing the need to rehabilitate offenders. Firstly, the rise of the Prison Industrial Complex can be closely linked to the election of Barry Goldwater as senator of Arizona in the 1970’s (Schlosser, 1998). Goldwater’s election manifesto focused heavily on the fear of crime in order toShow MoreRelatedA Cycle of Struggles Endured by the African American Race1301 Words   |  5 Pagesthere are still aspects of racism and economic segregation that occur within residential areas. This being said, many individuals of the African American race become primary targets and victims to devastating economic and social disadvantages. The articles, Survival and Death in New Orleans: An Empirical Look at the Human Impact of Katrina written by Patrick Sharkey and African American Men and the Prison Industrial Complex by Earl Smith and Angela J. Hattery similarly bring attention to theRead MorePrivate Prisons Vs. Federal Prisons1175 Words   |  5 PagesPrivate prisons are supposedly more cost effective than state or federal pr isons. Or that is what their representatives say. But regardless of whether they save money or not, are they truly beneficial for our communities? This article hopes to break down some of the myths these private prison corporations have used to push their agenda and discuss how that is far from the case. By doing so, the reader can form his/her own conclusions on how pervasive and detrimental private prisons have become withinRead MoreThe Prison Industrial Complex And Its Implications896 Words   |  4 Pagesinstitutional discrimination was demolished in 1865, however, the prison industrial complex and its implications has transformed slavery, making incarceration susceptible to people of color that reinforce racial oppression for profit.Private prisons thrive on the exploitation of enslaved bodies, for motives strictly leaned for profit and social control. The war on drugs, created and reinforced by the United States government, supplements the prison industry by imprisoning non-v iolent drug offenders, preferablyRead MoreThe Prison Industrial Complex : How Do We Define It?1640 Words   |  7 PagesWhat if I told you that prisons in America aren t built for the main purpose of locking up â€Å"criminals† and making them better to re enter society and keeping other citizens safe but for some companies to make profit off of cheap labor? In essence that is the prison industrial complex. How do we define it? A few define it as a term that is used to explain rapid expansion of the US inmate population to the political influence of private prison companies and businesses that supply goods and servicesRead MoreMass Incarceration Of The United States1417 Words   |  6 PagesIn the U.S. there has been a rise in incarcerations, the numbers today are much higher than they were 30, 40 years ago despite the fact that crime is at historic lows. So what are we to make of the leap in time typically served for crimes in America’s society? Either the justice system was too lenient in the past, or the justice system is too strict now. Have we just now realized the real gravity of murder, or are we now overreacting? The United States currently over-incarcerates its citizens, prisonersRead MoreHow Does Lack Of Support System And Resulting Poverty Influence Prisoner Re Entry?916 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: (1.5-2) (Story on prisoner and his life after prison here) In 2014, the United States incarcerated 449,000 newly convicted offenders while releasing 636,300 inmates (Carson, 2015). Upon release, offenders were expected to be able to function back in society under parole supervision. This is not the case for many offenders. As they are released from prison, they lack the necessary skills, education, opportunities and support system to successfully reintegrate back into society (PetersiliaRead MoreThe Growing Prison Industrial Complex1700 Words   |  7 Pages The growing Prison Industrial Complex is an intricate web of profit-maximizing business endeavors at the expense of the livelihood of people of color in the continental United States and abroad. With immigration from Mexico and Latin America increasing each year and definitions of who is â€Å"legal† becoming more constricting as the Obama administration cracking down on illegal border crossing, undocumented immigrants are the fastest growing prison population. This research projects aims to look howRead MoreThe Prison System Of America1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe â€Å"Prison Industrial Complex† was a term that was used by anti-prison activist within the prison abolishment movement to argue the attendant interest of prison industrialization, and t development of a minority prison labor force (Davis, 2003). This giant prison enterprise is an essential component of the U.S. economy, and has as its purposes such as profit, social control, and an interweaving of private business and government. These giant financial institutions recognized that prison buildingRead MoreThe Prison Industrial Complex Is The Economic Interrelation Between Private Prisons And Various Public1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe prison-industrial complex is the economic interrelation between private prisons and various public and private job sectors that have become dependent on the expansion of the private prison system. A partial list of these sectors includes co nstruction, pharmaceuticals, and law enforcement, including probation and parole. The prison-industrial complex also runs a cheap inmate labor force for various corporations. Approximately 2,266,800 adults are currently imprisoned in America. In addition toRead MoreDownsizing Of The American Penal System1474 Words   |  6 Pagesrehabilitation and second was to find a way to stabilize the size of the U.S. prison system. A National Advisory Commission report from 1973 was documented saying that â€Å"no new institutions for adults should be built and existing institutions for juveniles should be closed†. They also concluded that â€Å"the prison, the reformatory and the jail have achieved only a shocking level of failure†. (1973, pp 523) The official association for prisons and jails in the United States, the American Correctional Association

The Contributions Of Plato s The Apology - 1676 Words

Although I have always been aware of the contributions that Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, and others have made to the advancement of philosophy, I was never quite aware of how profound their teachings impacted their fellow citizens as well as modern day society. In seems as though their teachings can be, and have been, applied to every facet of life. For myself, I feel that virtue is something that can be taught and learned from sources such as parents, friends, and the environment. Before attending Introduction to Ethics I thought I had a good grasp on the definition of the word virtue. I knew that it meant doing what was morally right, but what was sometimes missing from my definition and my practice of virtue was the sincerity behind my actions. After reading the teachings of Plato, Aristotle, and Epictetus I have learned that more often than not I teeter towards the â€Å"seeming good† aspect of virtue rather than genuinely practicing a virtue for the sake of my soul and my happiness. In Plato’s The Apology, Socrates states that â€Å"virtue is the utmost importance and should come first to wealth. Being rich and having a position means nothing if you don’t genuinely care for others.† All three philosophers believe that virtue, whether it be in the form of wisdom, truth, courage, or munificence, is good for the soul and can be a link to finding true happiness; I wholeheartedly agree with that theory. For example, when I conce ntrated on â€Å"seeming good† in order to keep upShow MoreRelatedSocrates : The Suicide Of Socrates1405 Words   |  6 PagesThe creation and practice of this method is one of Socrates most enduring contribution to philosophy. It is also a key factor in him earning his mantle as the father of political philosophy, ethics or moral philosophy, and as a figurehead of all the central themes in Western philosophy. Socrates is widely considered the father of western philosophy (Socrates 2009). People have said that Socrates greatest contribution to philosophy was to move intellectual pursuits away from the focus on `physicalRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Views On The Greek Philosophy1128 Words   |  5 Pages9/28/2015 Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, the three original thinkers and intelligent teachers of ancient Greece, together made the Greek philosophy reach its highest state and also opened up a new world of western philosophy and culture. Among three of them, Socrates was the very first one who appeared in history, and was the very first teacher and spreader of ancient Greek philosophy. His entire life was a legend that he had numbers of followers and students. However, unlike Plato and Aristotle, thisRead MoreStudent Teacher1669 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationships such as Socrates-Plato, Plato-Aristotle etc. It is beyond the scope of dubiety that teachers, since ages, have played a major role in the life of an individual and his/her overall upbringing. Teachers are the beacons of light that lead people to success and glory. They are the ones who recognize the talents of their students and encourage them to move further and assist them in reaching the zenith of their potential. Let us dedicate this Teacher s day to all those teachers who,Read MorePlato And Aristotle On Justice And Law1565 Words   |  7 Pages Plato and Aristotle lived in a time where rule of man was the common practice in government. Under the system of the rule of man, citizens are governed by an individual or small group of rulers. On the other hand, the idea of the rule of law is one that proposes that laws should be supreme over each citizen including the ruler(s). In their writings, Plato and Aristotle focused on justice and law, and the reasons they are important in society. Throughout history, many leaders have l ooked to theseRead MoreSocrates And Not Antigone : An Effective Policy For Improving The Health Of Their City1825 Words   |  8 Pagesdisingenuous did not have a well put together policy that would have improved the health of their city. Accordingly, political actors began to wonder what exactly is the most efficient policy that one should establish that would have a greater contribution to the health of a city? Consequently, I argue that Socrates and not Antigone had a superior policy for improving the health of their respective cities since Socrates’s policy involved a strategic approach to accomplishing his aim of educatingRead MoreSocrates : The Soul Man2954 Words   |  12 Pagesfelt, O men of Athens, at hearing the speeches of my accusers, I cannot tell; but I know that their persuasive words almost made me forget who I was - such was the effect of them; and yet they have hardly spoken a word of truth.† - Apology, 17A So, as told by Plato, Socrates began his defence before an Athenian jury on charges of impiety and corrupting the youth of the city. However, the real aim of these accusations seems to have been to challenge the way in which Socrates had conducted hisRead MoreA Critical Note on New Historicism Essay2751 Words   |  12 Pagesaptly and effectively. Ancient Classical Criticism: The earliest proofs of criticism are found in Greek literature. In the fifth and fourth centuries B.C., Athens was the lap of literary enterprises. So the critical activity was first undertaken by Plato and his eternal disciple Aristotle. This preliminary era of criticism is termed as Hellenic, means Greek, period of criticism. Plato’s Republic is looked upon as the first critical book in which he expresses the ideas regarding the literary and poeticRead MoreSidney Defends The Worth Of Poetry2624 Words   |  11 PagesThis is a powerful claim, but one that matched with the fact that he has listed many ancient writers, some of the earliest known to man, and they are all poets, begins to have grounds. Sidney then says that philosophers use poetry, he begins with Plato, saying â€Å"whosoever well considereth shall find that in the body of his work, though the inside and strength were philosophy, the skin, as it were, and beauty depended most on poe try (102-105). Sidney also writes the connection between historians andRead MorePhilosophy of Man8521 Words   |  35 Pagesof the founders of Western philosophy, the central theme of philosophy was not the world, but man. Socrates’ deep concern for the well-being of man makes him look like a prophet moving amongst the Greeks. In the celebrated Platonic Dialogue; the Apology, Socrates is reported to have gone to God, only to be graced with a special message for his fellow men. This Divine message exhorted the Athenians to â€Å" take the greatest possible care of their souls and not to ruin their lives by letting the careRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pagesfail to fulfil the — justifiable — demand for a completely systematic theory, without offering any compensation in the way of popularity. I am only too aware of this failing. This account of the genesis and aim of these essays is offered less as an apol ogy than as a stimulus — and this is the true aim of this work — to make the problem of dialectical method the focus of discussion as an urgent living problem. If these essays provide the beginning or even just the occasion for a genuinely profitable

Abortion And The Politics Of Motherhood - 1556 Words

In this this political science paper I will go into depth on the book Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood to discuss Kristen Luker’s central argument about why people are prolife and prochoice today. Some argue that the central disagreement between prochoice and prolife activist is when life actually begins. As the argument goes, if the country could agree on when that occurs then the argument over abortion would end. I’m going to discuss Luker’s central argument first then demonstrate my knowledge of Luker’s argument based on the justices’ argument, ideas, and comments. After that I will show how we see her argument play out in the Slate magazine article about the Supreme Court. Luker’s central argument is that the debate over abortion has become a symbolic issue. This is now becoming a way to divide ourselves based on our social worlds. The idea of certain beliefs and values have been embedded into women’s lives through â€Å"their education, incomes, occupations, and the different marital and family choices they have made along the way† (Luker, 214). Each side of activists finds themselves on a different side of the social world â€Å"they are financially successful or they are not. They become highly educated or they do not. They become married and have a large family, or they have a small one† (Luker, 214). With each of these steps their views and lives have â€Å"undergone either ratification or revision† (Luker, 215). There are two different worlds that prochoice and prolifeShow MoreRelatedReproductive Rights as a Historical and Feminist Issue914 Words   |  4 PagesReproductive Rights as a Contemporary and Historic al Feminist Issue Essay #1 / Final Exam American Women’s History H. June Laves One of the biggest issues facing women in American society today has been an issue bouncing around in politics for decades: reproductive rights. Women can never have equal opportunity to men without equal opportunity to make their own decisions about their bodies. Reproductive rights for women not only include the right to abort a pregnancy, but it also involvesRead MoreAdoption: the Alternative to Abortion1489 Words   |  6 PagesAdoption: The Alternative to Abortion The word â€Å"positive† is both feared and revered by women around the globe. A simple plus sign on a pregnancy test can be cause for elation or terror. Nearly half of pregnancies among American women are unintended, and four in 10 of these are terminated by abortion (Finer and Henshaw 2001). Abortion, legalized in 1973 by the Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, is defined by the Merriam-Websters Dictionary of Law as the termination of a pregnancy after, accompaniedRead MoreThe Second Sex By Simone De Beauvoir888 Words   |  4 Pagesgender-based oppression during the twentieth century. However, the philosophy that de Beauvoir espoused in The Second Sex still proves relevant to contemporary women. In the United States, conservative politicians have sought to eliminate legalized abortion, thereby limiting the reproductive freedom of women. The enforcement of the gender pay-gap has led to economic inequality. Additionally, a practice of sexual shaming, known as slut- shaming, has originated within popular culture to denounceRead More The Debate Over Abortion Essay2024 Words   |  9 PagesWith the ongoing debate and the advancement of technology in determining the viability of a fetus, abortion, the ending of a pregnancy by removing a fertilized egg, has become increasingly controversial. The morality of abortion has caused many to separate into opposite sides of the spectrum, pro-life and pro-choice. The arguments over abortion has stirred a continuous debate between a pro-choice stance such as that presented by the analogical reasoning of Thomson or Glover’s examination of socialRead MoreEthical Issue Of Elective Abortion Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pagesnews articles, two of which are New Zealand-centric, on the subject of elective abortion were published on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th of June. News The first article I read called attention to New Zealand’s elective abortion laws, which criminalises elective abortion. The article claimed that the laws are outdated and requires change. It mentioned the pro-elective abortion faction’s campaign to remove elective abortion from the 1961 Crimes Act and its advocacy towards making it a health issue, claimingRead MoreWomen s Issue Paper : Abortion1285 Words   |  6 PagesWoman’s Issue Paper: Abortion Abortion: a ·bor ·tion/əˈbà ´rSH(É™)n/noun 1. the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy (Abortion-Dictionary.com ). One in every three women have an abortion by the age of 45 (Operation Rescue Inc). Though the act of abortion is common it has been an emotionally draining debate since the mid 1970’s, but has always been a hot topic since the 1800’s. There are two sides to this debate. One side is pro-lifeRead More Abortion Ethics Essay882 Words   |  4 Pages The argument of abortion has been raging since the Supreme Court case, Roe vs. Wade, in 1973. This court case has divided the country into two factions: pro-choice and pro-life. Pro-life advocates argue that abortions are murder and extreme levels of child abuse. While pro-choice advocates believe abortions are a justifiable means to end pregnancies. The pro-choice argument is that the fetus is not yet a human being and its rights should not override that of the mother’s. An importance on whatRead MoreArgument for Abortion911 Words   |  4 PagesThe argument of abortion has been raging since the Supreme Court case, Roe vs. Wade, in 1973. This court case has divided the country into two factions: pro-choice and pro-life. Pro-life advocates argue that abortions are murder and extreme levels of child abuse. While pro-choice advocates believe abortions are a justifiable means to end pregnancies. The pro-choice argument is that the fetus is not yet a human being and its rights should not override that of the mothers. An importance onRead MoreAbortion: A Womans Right to Choose Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagesalley abortions and gave women the right to choose abortion. Women were then able to legally obtain them through medically sound institutions. Rather than on her bathroom floor through the process of a coat hanger or at back alley abortion clinics that were not always the most hygienic options. â€Å"In handing down Roe v. Wade (401 U.S. 113) on 22 January 1973, the Supreme Court held that a woman’s right to choose abortion was constitutionally protected as a part of her right to privacy; abortion thusRead MoreThe Differences Between Latin America924 Words   |  4 Pagessocial organization. One major difference across Latin America is individual nations relationships with family planning and abortion systems. Each country s stance on the morality of abortion, contraception, reproduction, and sexuality, differs from its neighbors and the region at large. In some cases the difference i s visible within national borders, such as in Mexico, where abortion is only legal inside the capital city (Fondo Maria). In other cases the countries themselves are homogenous in law, but

Conforming And The Technological Era - 1319 Words

Conforming To The Technological Era Nearly 20 years ago when the World Wide Web was released, many people in society had no idea what type of advances were in store for the technological world. Endless opportunities became available worldwide in every avenue of approach, one of those being education. Education has blossomed in the light of technology and will only continue to do so for many generations to come. Although it can be argued that technology is negatively effecting the education system, more innovative ways of learning are becoming available and society has no choice but to conform to these advances. Even though many education systems are embracing the face of technology, some schools are still attempting to hold on to traditional teaching styles. In a 2012 New York Times article, teachers reported a decline in written work, and shorter attention spans which they believe is the result of all of the technological distractions (Richtel). This is just an example of the many concerns coming from teachers and sch ool boards. Another issue they find is that they are being pressed to integrate these new advances into their time tested lesson plans, ultimately taking away from teaching and the student learning. If teachers believe or see that the students are the ones suffering from that, they are going to be less willing to try and understand the concept of technologies role in education. Although these educators have respected opinions, the goal should more so be toShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of Film-Making Technology1417 Words   |  6 Pagespowerful affecting the way individuals and societies think, act and behave. Among the new Era approaching film, and seeing celluloid film fade is that of the Digital Era and a camera that saw celluloid films passing hastened. The cinematographic camera industry emerged in fact more than 100 years ago, it was only until recently that significant digital changes took place, apart from minimal technological improvements. Before the invention of digital cameras the main medium for shooting a movieRead MoreEvolution Of Architecture Throughout The Centuries Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesJones, 2000). This factor along with the presence of a skylight, or Oculus means that the crown of the dome, the weakest and most vulnerable area, had little to no weight to carry. Medieval After the fall of the Roman Empire, having lost many technological advancements and achievements, the medieval masons, architects and carpenters fell back on previous, traditional building materials. Small stones, rubble, reused Roman bricks, stone, wood, and simple mortar, were the mainstay for medieval buildersRead MoreThe And The Industrial Revolutions1305 Words   |  6 Pagesused in commerce. Among these IP also includes trade secrets, patents, copyrights, and trademarks. IP and its protection are detrimental to the success of the economy. IPs are the innovations that drive the market forward and they are what created eras like the renaissance and the industrial revolutions. But nowadays it is a lot easier to steal one s idea and pass it on as your own. There lays a major problem that the United State and many countries around the world face. Over $300 billion haveRead MoreThe, Anchor Baby, By Edward E. Telles And Vilma Ortiz1288 Words   |  6 Pagesseasonal under the table picking jobs that come as easy as they go. That is to say, being a first born American from an immigrant family one can anticipate the hardships of building ones bank account from scratch, past first born generations from other eras are inspiring along with empowering in hopes of gaining such successes. In order to gain financial stability we have been taught education is key. Which for the most part is true, it is what we do with our schooling that guides us throughout ourRead MorePrimary Source Evaluation Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pagesmost probably didn’t rely on the profit made on the slaves but on the wages he got for his services making him more objective than those who took this solely as business. It is hard to pinpoint any of his biases except for him conforming to the general stereotype of the era which was that the â€Å"Negro† slaves were species of lesser intelligence than their slave masters. He even saw different tribes of the â€Å"Negro† slaves as different species and this he commonly made mention of in his account. TheseRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1290 Words   |  6 Pagescapable in society’s eyes, A Doll’s House accurately portrays a topic that is applicable and being discussed in the 21st century. This play effectively uses Realist style writing, with themes portraying conflicting individual and social duties in this era and sheds light on the social expectations that a woman was forced to face then and that women often face today. A Doll’s House, written by Henrik Ibsen in Norway 1879, is a Realist style play that was written during the Realism literary movement.Read More Francis Bacons Scientifically Revolutionary Utopia Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pagesscience and ones own awareness of his environment rather than through religious reforms or social legislation. The seventeenth century marks a period in history where drastic social change occurred. This change, however, was not as much political or technological but religious. During this time, the introduction of ideas and theories, starting with the renown Galileo and Isaac Newton, spread a wave of enlightenment across Europe as people began to question the teachings and the overall infidelity of theRead MoreIntro to Humanities Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pageswas developed in Greece and Rome, and is generally due to philosophy and current literary works during 1400-1650. It is termed Classical Humanism because it was born during that time period. Cla ssical Humanism had an impact during the Renaissance Era. An example of classical humanism is reflected through the Athens Acropolis. This is the trademark monument of Athens and of Greece. Surrounded by the new Athens, the Parthenon still stands proudly over it, a reminder of the old aura of the cityRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye by J. D. Salinger and Looking For Alaska by John Green1729 Words   |  7 Pagesup in America is an experience unlike no other. Today, American young adults are part of a large generation called the Millenials, who are considered the most educated in American history. They are more open minded, progressive, successful, and technological. However, it is not all sunshine and rainbows for these young Americans who oftentimes have outstanding debt and job prospects that are unacceptably dim. In multiple ways, the reality for a young Millenial in America parallels the life of a youngRead MoreGenerational Differences in the Workplace Essay2022 Words   |  9 Pagesthese groups can be classified as one cohesively beh aving group, based on the eras in which they grew up (social, economic, political, technological influences).† Each individual in the workplace is unique in his or her own way. Some of this uniqueness can be attributed to several factors such as nationality, culture, values, gender and many more. Warner and Sandberg (2010) states, â€Å"people who grow up during the same era tend to be exposed to many of the same stimuli from the surrounding culture through

Alcohol and Other Drugs Counseling

Question: Discuss about theAlcohol and Other Drugs Counseling. Answer: Introduction: Integrative Statement Substance use is highly prevalent in Australia and other countries. Drug and alcohol abuse is highly documented in the population of Aboriginals, non- Aboriginals ad Torres Strait Islanders. Alcohol and drug abuse lead to chronic disorders caused by environmental, psychosocial, and genetic factors which influence their development and manifestation. The pattern of use among the substance users is recognized to be an impaired control over drug or alcohol consumption, excessive use in spite of the adverse health consequences, distorted thinking and mainly denial. In addition to, psychological and physical health problems, there is social, economic impact associated with increased dependency on drug and alcohol. The treatment for substance use disorders consists of the range of psychological approaches to meet clients needs by providing the best response. The treatment process is oriented with the goal of reducing health risks or ceasing the substance use. Case Study of Cecile The issues identified in the case of Cecile are the high level of alcohol dependency, low social connectedness, and depression due to an end of long term relationship and unable to seek parental help. The treatment options that are suitable based on her preference of counseling include: Brief interventions consisting of 5-30 minutes consisting of assessment phase and use of FRAMES approach which stands for Feedback, Responsibility, Advice, Menu, Empathy, and Self-efficiency (Shearer Byford, 2015). Contingency Management (CM) -Therapists help clients in active participation to reduce alcohol abuse by providing incentives. Incentives may be prizes, movie tickets, food items and in turn, the client must remain abstain from alcohol abuse (McLeod, 2013). Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) - Therapist motivates client to participate in the treatment, and elicits "self-motivational statements to trigger an internal change. It usually consists of two more sessions and is useful in all the stages of treatment including relapse prevention (JR Stewart et al., 2015). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)- therapist teaches coping skills and adverse outcomes of alcohol abuse. Therapist help overcomes distorted thinking pattern, massive depression and craving (Graham Reynolds, 2013). Self help groups- it includes participating in Group therapy or peer support programs (Larimer, 2013). Rationale Cecile will apply to MET as it is recognized as the best method for reducing alcohol abuse and depression. CM will be best for her as she does not want her parent to be aware of her alcohol abuse. It will help her resist addiction and earn incentives. CBT is useful as research provides evidence that this method is effective in stress management and depression (Graham Reynolds, 2013). Duration The total duration of her treatment may be 12 months at least to achieve a stage of no relapse. Relapse prevention is required as she consumes excess alcohol and has serious psychological issues such as anxiety and depression. Twelve step approaches is best suitable for her considering her psychological issues. Case Study of Jimmy The issues identified in the case of Jimmy are the high level of alcohol dependency, lack of family and care, poor mental and physical health. The treatment options that are suitable for Jimmy include: Brief interventions, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Contingency Management. Jimmy also needs rehabilitation programme. Rationale Initial treatment may start with brief interventions as the addiction level is high. As Jimmy is homeless, earning incentive via CM is helpful for him, and he can practice abstinence from alcohol. He requires CBT to cultivate positive behavior, needs empathy as he is devoid of parental care. Group therapy sessions provide awareness related to adverse consequences of relapse and further alcohol consumption. Duration Jimmy may require more than three years of treatment before he achieves a stage where he will not relapse. He needs to recover both physically and mentally. The psychological issues during counseling: anxiety, anger, violent behavior, and burnout and experience muscle tension and high level of relapse. Relapse Prevention Includes: A Twelve step approach- developed by AA, consists of series of measures of self-evaluation, gaining the power to control craving and helping others to prevent relapse (Larimer, 2013). Jimmy requires inpatient services in the rehab that include the process of detoxification and recovery combined with pharmaceutical therapy (JR Stewart et al., 2015). Case Study of Ahmed The issues identified in the case of Ahmed are a high level of drug dependency (heroin), less connected to parents, maladapted behavior such as stealing. The treatment options that are suitable based on her preference of counseling include: The treatment options that are suitable for Jimmy include: Brief interventions, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Contingency Management, Self help groups for reducing drug addiction. Rationale Ahmed needs CM, CBT, because of the benefits already mentioned above. CM will help him in reducing his habit of stealing. Self help groups are useful for positivity by engaging in discussions with different people with similar problems. The psychological issues during counseling: anxiety, anger, violent behavior, and burnout. He may also experience pain in the spinal cord, muscle tension and high level of relapse. Duration Since his level of abuse is high he might consume more than three years to attain a stage of "no relapse". Relapse prevention plan for Ahmed will A Twelve step approach is best method for her to gain the power to control craving and helping others to prevent relapse (Larimer, 2013). Ahmed requires inpatient services in the rehab that include the process of detoxification combined with pharmaceutical therapy (JR Stewart et al., 2015). References Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Clifasefi, S. L., Grow, J., Chawla, N., Hsu, S. H., ... Larimer, M. E. (2014). Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention, and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: a randomized clinical trial.JAMA Psychiatry,71(5), 547-556 Graham, P., Reynolds, S. (2013).Cognitive behaviour therapy for children and families. Cambridge University Press. JR Stewart, B., Sindicich, N., Turnbull, D., M. Andrews, J., A. Mikocka-Walus, A. (2014). Changes in Australian injecting drug users mental health problems and service uptake from 2006-2012.Advances in Dual Diagnosis,7(4), 151-161. Larimer, M. (2013). Preventing alcohol abuse in college students: A harm-reduction approach.Alcohol problems among adolescents: Current directions in prevention research, 147. McLeod, J. (2013).An introduction to counselling. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Shearer, J., Tie, H., Byford, S. (2015). Economic evaluations of contingency management in illicit drug misuse programmes: a systematic review.Drug and alcohol review,34(3), 289-298. Sobell, L. C., Sobell, M. B., Ward, E. (Eds.). (2013).Evaluating alcohol and drug abuse treatment effectiveness: Recent advances. Elsevier.

Language Loss Language Revival Essay Example For Students

Language Loss Language Revival Essay I must confess that this is actually the first time I followed a professors advice to write the texts introduction at the very end of the work on the paper. Now I know that this is definitely the right way to do it, because this approach gives me the opportunity to give the recipient a guideline how to read the term paper, so to speak.  The text starts with a section which could be seen as a rather bold experiment, especially for a student. Although there is a vast amount of secondary literature on the issue of language loss/revival available, I was unable to find a simple explanation for the correlations between language, culture and ethnicity. So I decided to bite the bullet and compose a short summary of the main points as well as a simple graph which should visualize this important aspect. After this general introduction, I tried to collect as many voices as possible on the issue whether language revival is obsolete or not. To be more precise, I investigated the question if language revival is a slowdown of social evolution. In the following point, this problem is visualized by an example out of the present situation in Latvia, where Russian people are discriminated because of their culture and heritage.  Chapter 3 of my term paper copes with language loss in general. Reasons why language loss occurs and its impact on a society are investigated. The very last section consists of several theoretical approaches how to revive or revitalize languages, as well as a very interesting report on Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, the man who is considered to be the person initially responsible for the revival of the Hebrew language. Hebrew, the only extinct language which has ever been successfully revitalized.  2. General Questions  2.1 Ethnicity Culture Language  This figure shows that these 3 terms: Ethnicity, culture and language are inseparably connected.  Ethnicity describes a group of people who developed a unique culture. Unique because of the specific set of conditions on which the ethnic group flourished. These can be the climate of the territory the ethnic group is settled, existence of threats (nature, warlike tribes, ), if there is contact with other civilizations, the quality of the soil and many more. The language, a bare necessity in a culture, could be seen as a by-product of the whole development. The real interesting aspect of a peoples language is, that it is the prime means of identification. This measure of identification works in both directions: Members of other communities and ethnic groups identify our society mainly by our language as well as we do it for ourselves. The main point is: When matters of culture are discussed (even in our globalized modern world), language plays a very important part in it. 2.2 Pro and contra  People in command of 3 languages are trilingual, people in command of two languages are bilingual and people who know one language are Americans  (Timothy W. Kennedy, Professor for Communication University of Tampa, 2003)  This quote pretty much reflects a general basic-attitude in the United States of America. Namely that it is sometimes seen as bad or unpatriotic to be bilingual. This also explains why several Native-American parents refuse to teach their Indian mother tongue to their children. The question is: Why is that kind of thinking wrong? According to Prof. Bierbaumer, every language, especially English, is undergoing a certain development towards a more simple status (see Bierbaumer, VU The History of the English Language, 2001). Wouldnt the world be a much more peaceful and productive place if the whole humanity shared one simple code of communication? So, why should we care about language loss? Languages are a major achievement of a society, an achievement that often demanded centuries of development. Nobody knows what treasures of knowledge and wisdom lie within a dying language.  So, can all efforts to revive or revitalise languages be seen as futile attempts to hold on to antiquated values? Could one even say that it is a conscious slowdown of social evolution? .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c , .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c .postImageUrl , .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c , .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c:hover , .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c:visited , .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c:active { border:0!important; } .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c:active , .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u752e7b2f178a98dd80af047dba4fec1c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Shakespeare presents the character Shylock in 'The Merchant Of Venice' EssayCrystal presents five arguments: from the general value of diversity, from the value of languages as expressions of identity, as repositories of history, as part of the sum of human knowledge, and as interesting subjects in their own right. But the most important point of all is the fact that language is inseparably connected with culture. So when a language is on the verge of death, the society around the language is always too. A rivalry between cultures and its result is a part of the regular course of the world, where the stronger defeats and conquers the weaker one.  And it can be considered as one of the worlds worst calamities, when a culture dies, and all the wisdom and cultural treasures, such as the language, dies with it. Russian in Latvia  A very interesting example for Language in conjunction with Ethnicity was brought up by Steven C. Johnson, an Associated Press reporter who lives and works in Latvia (see Johnson 19991).  Things changed after the fall of the Soviet empire in 1991. In newly independent nations such as Latvia, the linguistic minority had become the majority. Former captive nations began righting the wrongs of decades of Russification. (Johnson 1999) After half a century of Soviet influence, Latvian was almost extinct. As any superpower in history did, the Soviet-Union tried to form one homogenous state out of the many cultures which were held together by a common border. Now, the native Latvian peoples anger is directed towards the hundred thousands of Russians who have immigrated the country during the past 50 years.  It seems paradox, but the measures taken by the Latvian government are quite similar to e.g. the ones taken by the British Crown to extinct the Aboriginal culture of Australia. Latvian-only signs went up, while Russian or bilingual signs were successively scratched out. The Parliament passed laws that forced the people to use Latvian at public events, and set up a corps of language officers to ensure that the population knows enough Latvian to get along. The governments actions do also throw up certain questions of ethic and morale: Is it justified to discriminate 40% of the population whose mother tongue is Russian, in order to keep the superior status of the Latvian language? Or, is the systematic extinction of a language (which is, as seen above, inseparably connected with its culture which is destroyed too) less bad if there are millions of speakers left located on another spot of the world?